therapeutic cloning advantages and disadvantages

Meaning: Reproductive cloning is defined as the use of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) or other technologies to create offspring with the shared genomic material of the original person.[13] In simple words, reproductive cloning is the process by which genetically identical organisms are created. The medical use of replicated cells and body tissue are wide ranging and include organ growth and scientific research. In 2001, a committee was formed so as to discuss about an international convention against reproductive cloning. The SCNT technique highlighted major advancement in the field of cloning since it aided the creation of a genetically identical clone of an already grown sheep. Describe at least three ethical controversies surrounding reproductive and therapeutic cloning. To create embryonic stem cells, researchers must destroy embryos that contain pluripotent stem cells. Out of the three declarations adopted by UNESCO, Article 11 of the Universal Declaration on Human Genome and Human Rights (1997) banned reproductive cloning however did not refer to therapeutic cloning in any manner. Its a hot topic like a fire in a dry forest. The two methods are as follows: Cloning using somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) : This procedure is same as that for the purpose of therapeutic cloning wherein a nucleus taken from a somatic cell of the person who is to be cloned is injected into an enucleated egg. These were Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research on Human Subjects(2000), Ethical Policies on the Human Genome, Genetic Research and Services(2001), and later on Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research on Human Participants(2006)[62] However, at present, ICMR along with DBT has laid down National Guidelines for Stem Cell Research (2017) wherein restricted research involving the use of embryonic and somatic(adult) stem cells for research purposes, creation of a human zygote via SCNT (Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer) or any other method and therapeutic cloning has been permitted. For basic research involving stem cells, the guidelines also requiresin vitro studies to attain prior approval of IEC and IC-SCR and when such in vitro studies are intended to be done on preimplantation human embryos than the same must be done within a span of 14 days offertilization or formation of primitive streak whichever is earlier. His proposed experiment, which was proposed by him at a time when nuclear transplantations was not a popular concept, now forms the basis of the method of cloning. What is the possible disadvantage of therapeutic cloning? Therapeutic cloning is replicating cells and tissue to use for medical purposes. This type of cloning is very controversial and individuals feel strongly on both sides of this issue. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. What are some advantages of therapeutic cloning? @media(min-width:0px){#div-gpt-ad-ablison_com-box-4-0-asloaded{max-width:300px!important;max-height:250px!important}}if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'ablison_com-box-4','ezslot_11',630,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-ablison_com-box-4-0'); While there are many potential benefits to this technology, ethical concerns have emerged alongside its development. Biomed. Therefore, it can be denied that the National Guidelines on Stem Cell Research certainly is a significant step in right direction to encourage restricted stem cell research or even therapeutic cloning as they can pave way for major scientific developments in the near future. Ian Wilmut generated Dolly, with the help of nuclear transfer wherein an enucleated embryo and a nucleus of a differentiated cell were involved. United Kingdom , by the virtue of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act of 1990 provides that the human embryos can be created and used till 14th day of development for research purposes. In general, international regulations tend to reflect public opinion on the matter, as well as the views of the scientific community. Stem cells: What they are and what they do [21] Anthony Atala and Chester J. Koh, Annu, Tissue Engineering Applications of Therapeutic Cloning(2004)6 Rev. Many people believe it is ethically wrong and against "god's" wishes. Ethics accessed 6 April 2020, [38] https://geneticstherapeutic.weebly.com/societal-issues.html accessed 22 April 2020, [41] Libby Nelson ,New York State Allows Payment for Egg Donations for Research The New York Times (26June 2009)< https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/26/nyregion/26stemcell.html?partner=rss&emc=rss> accessed 22 April 2020, [42] https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zs8y4qt/revision/3 accessed 21 April 2020, [43] Carmel Shalev ,Human Cloning and Human Rights: A Commentary(2002)6(1) HHR Journal 23 April 2020, [46] Wesley J. Smith , The False Promise of Therapeutic Cloning WASHINGTON EXAMINER (11 March 2002)< https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/weekly-standard/the-false-promise-of-therapeutic-cloning> accessed 18 April 2020, [48] The global governance of human cloning: the case of UNESCO, Adle Langlois, Palgrave Commun 3, 17019 (2017) , [49]Richard Gardner and Tim Watson Patchwork of Laws(Scientificamerican ,27 June 2005) accessed 21 April 2020, [50]T Jasudowicz, Human Cloning From the Perspective of The Council of Europe Bioethical Standards(2001) 5(1 Suppl 1) Med Wieku Rozwoz < https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11684779/> accessed 29 April 2020, [54]Ajai Kumar, Human Cloning: A socio-legal and ethical appraisal(2010)52(1) JILI accessed 21 April 2020, [56] accessed 29 March 2020, [57] Dr Ruth Deech , Regulation of therapeutic cloning in the UK(2002)5(1)RBMOnline< accessed 12 April 2020, [59] A Report of the Witherspoon Council on Ethics and the Integrity of Science, Cloning Policy in the United States(The New Atlantis- A journal of Technology and Society ,2015). Most importantly, the guideline provides for compulsory registration of the Institutional Committee for Stem Cell Research(ICSR) and the Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC) with NAC-SCRT and CDSCO, respectively so that the clinical trials are conducted only in such institutes which are registered with IC-SCR and IEC, studies are conducted only at Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)- and Good Laboratory Practice (GLP)-certified facilities and even the clinical research is undertaken by those practitioners who are not just registered with the Medical Council of India (MCI) but also possess a postgraduate qualification approved by MCI in the domain area of the specific trial. Therapeutic Cloning - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics The major advantage of using SCNT to drive the production of . Reproductive: In this we actually reproduce not organ but entire being (donor) from where we got genetic information Methods: 1. Therapeutic cloning has extraordinary potential to revolutionise the field of medicine. 1103 Words. Thus, cloning is vital to realizing the potential of stem cell research and moving it from the lab into the doctor's office. On the other hand, it involves destroying human embryos and raises questions about genetic abnormalities and misuse. the person who is the donor to facilitate the research since health, safety, and rights of the donor cant be simply neglected. Through this Additional Protocol, prohibition is only with respect to the methods which lead to creation of clones of humans. There are also those who acknowledge the status of embryo yet argue that the status of embryo becomes more profound only when it develops so in early stage scenario it can be a subject matter of research if there are potential benefits of the same. Since reproductive cloning is prohibited around the world, at least as of now, the researcher has based the project on therapeutic cloning primarily and hasnt touched upon reproductive cloning in detail. Once Paul Ramsey validated his objections by asserting: Men ought not to play God before they learn to be men, and after they have learned to be men, they will not play God.[37] We humans dont know the repercussions of playing with the nature or the divine powers or will. Its important to acknowledge these risks while pursuing scientific advancements. What are the ethical concerns involved in making a decision either for or against cloning? Many critics claim that it is the death of a human if embryo is used to extract stem cells. Therapeutic cloning - Cell division - AQA - GCSE Biology (Single - BBC . One major concern is the destruction of human embryos during the process of somatic cell nuclear transfer. However, the debate continued for four long years wherein few member states proposed to ban even therapeutic cloning. The introductory part is followed by a discussion on resultant benefits, concerns, international legal framework and national laws wherein the researcher has primarily focused on therapeutic cloning alone. Benefits and risks associated with the use of stem cells in medicine Once the phenomenon of differentiation is clear, it might help in understanding the abnormalities in differentiation wherein such abnormalities might lead to diseases such as cancer. As far as therapeutic cloning is concerned, no consensus was made as to whether ban or allow it. 20 Advantages and Disadvantages of Cloning Animals [34] According to McMahan, unlike the late-term embryo, the early embryo is merely an insentient cluster of cells which doesnt have the potential to be identified morphologically to a mature organism. Cloning humans could help us find new ways to recover from trauma. On one hand, this technology could potentially save countless lives by regenerating tissues and organs for those in need. 10 Pros and Cons of Employer Sponsored Health Insurance, 20 Pros and Cons of NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement, 20 Pros and Cons of Living in Green Valley AZ, 40 Pros and Cons of Oil Energy (Petroleum). Consequently, researchers have to rely on private funding. Therapeutic Cloning: its applications, advantages and disadvantages Therapeutic Cloning: its applications, advantages and disadvantages Download as PDF DOI: 10.23977/blsme.2022080 Author(s) Kehan Yu Corresponding Author Kehan Yu ABSTRACT This paper describes my research in Therapeutic Cloning. In the therapeutical experiment, skin cells of mice with Parkinsons disease were used to create cloned embryos. Di Berardino and Robert G. Mckinnell , The Pathway to Animal Cloning and Beyond Robert Briggs (19111983) and Thomas J. Applications in the field of regenerative medicine: Less chances of immune rejection from patient: Increased knowledge of development and differentiation: Instances of successful application of therapeutic cloning: CONCERNS WITH RESPECT TO THERAPEUTIC CLONING. [16] Stem cells created via SCNT in therapeutic cloning have immense potential to be used for medical purposes as they can be turned into any type of cell in the body. Cloning animals could advance scientific discoveries in other fields. While ICESCR (1966) provides that the states must respect the freedom indispensable for scientific research. If you require such advice, we recommend consulting a licensed financial or tax advisor. Cloning [59] In 2009 ,President Barack Obama through2009 Guidelines on Human Stem Cell Research lifted the 2001 ban imposed by former President George Bush on federal funding of research of Human Embryonic Stem Cells created after August 9, 2001. [26] Therefore , therapeutic cloning can be of great help since it reduces the chances of immune rejection by the recipients immune system since the stem cell being incorporated has the same genetic features as the recipient itself. The goal of therapeutic cloning is to create embryonic cell lines with the same genome as the nuclear donor by transferring separated nuclear material from a somatic cell into an enucleated egg. For this purpose, the blastocyst is not used for the extraction of stem cells instead it is implanted in the womb itself. or any other risk factors for genetic disorders; IPRs of donated material will not vest with donor as such however may be shared (all this is to be mentioned in informed consent form).Also, if some financial gains arise on account of commercialisation than the donor need to be given part of same.[66]. [50], Even United Nations has not been able to bring out consensus of member states on the issue of cloning. However, please note that the content provided on our website is for informational and educational purposes only, and should not be considered as professional financial or legal advice. [67] Neetu Chandra Sharma ,ICMR asks stakeholders to share evidence on efficacy of stem cells(livemint, 18 April 2019)< https://www.livemint.com/science/health/icmr-asks-stakeholders-to-share-evidence-on-efficacy-of-stem-cells-1555527812652.html> Accessed 22 April 2020. [23] Also, in type 1 diabetes, wherein pancreatic cells fail to produce insulin then stem cells in culturemight be turned into insulin producing cells , thereby helping in retaining the normal functioning of the body. The success rate of therapeutic cloning in regenerating tissues and organs is limited, with ethical concerns surrounding its use. What Are the Negative Impacts of Drought on the Economy? In 1885, Hans Dreisch became the first person to successfully perform a cloning experiment with a sea urchin. Applying the techniques of tissue engineering on the potentially endless source of versatile cells, which are formed via SCNT in therapeutic cloning, might help in discovery of novel sources of organs for the purpose of transplantation. Con: Low Success Rates Many scientific researches against therapeutic cloning suggest that it is not very successful. Consequently, state have come up with their own laws while some states wherein some have banned therapeutic cloning, while some states allow it for instance California. The Disadvantages Of Human Cloning. Interventional orthopedics is a non-surgical possibility that uses a patient's cells to help fix an injury that occurs during a traumatic event. These were then injected into the donor mice and the mice showed no immune rejection instead it showed signs of relief. What is the success rate of therapeutic cloning in regenerating tissues and organs? Since the object of regenerative medicine is to help relieve patients who are suffering dueto a disease or injury byrestoring the damaged or injured tissue and organs, therapeutic cloning can be of paramount importance in advancing the regenerative medicine. It would reduce the possibilities of an organ being rejected during transplantation. If labs can clone and grow only the parts needed, this would eliminate the moral and ethical issues associated with cloning an entire person. Positive Influence Cons Of Human Cloning Faster Aging Religious and Ethical Issues Organ Rejection Low Success Rates Lack of Identity and Individuality It Can Cause a Divide Among People Devalues Human Lives Expensive Pros Of Human Cloning Human cloning is the major and advancing field of biotechnology. Drawbacks and limitations exist with each method, as well as ethical concerns. 11 Advantages and Disadvantages of Cloning - Vittana.org To get a better understanding of therapeutic cloning, you must be more informed about the pros and cons of this medical advancement. Although some are against therapeutic cloning for many different reasons, there are some benefits that can be gained. Despite the possibility of deriving ES cells having identical genetic makeup as the patients, the procedure doesnt seem to be feasible in the regular clinic set-up seems since it is going to be exorbitantly expensive and burdensome to put it in a straight manner there wont be practically sufficient human eggs left. Benefits of Therapeutic Cloning in Stem Cell Science. Therefore, advocates of therapeutic cloning believe that associating moral considerations to embryo should not serve as a roadblock to cloning for research purposes. [61] Consequently , the researchers have to rely on private funding to continue research on cloning. Potential Risks. The international instruments evidently discuss the right or freedom pertaining to contributions in scientific research.For instance, UDHR refers to right to share in scientific advancement. 1/Potential benefits to modern medicine Even today, the full potential of stem cells has not been fully explored. Later on, the stem cells from the cloned embryos were extracted and developed into peculiar nerve cells. However, future prospects for scientific advancements offer hope for improving the efficacy of this technique. Striking a balance between scientific progress and ethical considerations remains a crucial task, and continued research, discussions, and stringent oversight will be essential in navigating the complexities associated with therapeutic cloning to ensure that its potential benefits are pursued responsibly and in line with societal values. There are multiple ways in which therapeutic cloning can serve a prominent role in the field of medicine by discovering new diseases by way of research, by developing new and effective treatments for chronic diseases, or by using the extracted stem cells for repairing or replacing damaged organs or tissues and so on. Advantages and Disadvantages of Cloning - Javatpoint Risks and Disadvantages of Therapeutic Cloning - Biotech Articles History and conclusion This offers incredible lifesaving possibilities, but it also calls into question a matter of ethics. Hall, Petra Stojkovic and Miodrag Stojkovic, Using Therapeutic Cloning to Fight Human Disease: A Conundrum or Reality?, (2006) 24STEM CELLS https://stemcellsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1634/stemcells.2005-0592> accessed 22 April 2020, [17]University of Utah, Why Clone? Genetic Science Learning Center accessed 29 April 2020, [18] Ian Murnaghan, Therapeutic Cloning, (explorestemcells, 10 Feb 2020 accessed 30 March 2020, [19]Department of Science and Technology, Cloning And Stem Cells-Public Understanding of Biotechnology (2014) accessed 25 March 2020. For instance, even in the country like Us where therapeutic cloning is not per se banned doesnt permit federal funding in experiments involving the 20 cell lines in the NIH (National Institute of Health) registry derived before August 9, 2001. Balancing ethics pros and cons of stem cell-derived gametes. [3] In subsequent decades, as per present scientific terminology, the noun clone refers to each individual molecule, cell, or organism propagated from the original ancestor or template. Understanding Therapeutic Cloning: Benefits, Issues and - LexForti Such complaints, however, are suggestive that there is a need for the more stringent provision or enforcement action. Therapeutic cloning, also called somatic cell nuclear transfer, is a technique to create versatile stem cells independent of fertilized eggs. Most prominent disadvantage of therapeutic cloning is the use of embryos. Matoba, S. a. 13 Therapeutic Cloning Pros and Cons - Vittana.org One of the primary risks associated with therapeutic cloning is genetic abnormalities. In addition, if the patients cells used for cloning contain mutations or abnormalities, these may be carried over into the cloned tissue or organ, which could trigger an autoimmune response. Advantages & Disadvantages of Cloning Are you aware of the potential benefits and drawbacks of therapeutic cloning? Consequently, patients might be subjected to financial exploitation as they might be charged exorbitantly for treatments by being given a false hope that they would be cured even if stem cell therapies are only in their developmental stages.[42]. What are the advantages and disadvantages that biotechnology can provide? Only through careful consideration can we ensure that our pursuit of progress does not come at the expense of our values and morals. 1. Extracting eggs from a female is costly and painful for the woman. This raises moral implications about the value of human life and whether its acceptable to create life for scientific purposes only to destroy it. Later when he retired, in 1938 he put forth a fantastical experiment to transfer one cells nucleus into an enucleated egg. Therapeutic cloning is so controversial, because it is tied to ethical issues that are connected to life and death. Cloning of macaque monkeys by somatic cell nuclear transfer As has been mentioned above, cloning is currently applied only to animals. A small growth of nerve cells can have miraculous effects on persons who are either paralyzed from the neck down due to some mishap so much so that transmission of nerve activity from the brain to the rest of the body and vice versa is interrupted. Process: As far as reproductive cloning is concerned; it can be done by two methods wherein both methods require that the embryo be implanted in the uterus. Many researchers around the world agree to look at cloning as a way of creating embryonic stem cells. It is a great boost in the research field that the scientists were able to get cloned human embryos which survived long enough for stem cell extraction. Human cloning: Could be a violation of the clone's individual human rights. Advantages and Disadvantages of Therapeutic Cloning - YouTube The nucleus is also removed from the cell of a donor. 2. The ICESCR recognizes the human right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health as well as right to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress and its applications. Consequently, many groups, organisations and individuals argue that health is a human right, not a commodity or a privilege and therapeutic cloning research has potential to produce enormous heath benefits. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Consequently, they might learn how to control differentiation of stem cells thereby producing a specific tissue. [29], Another successful application related to therapeutic cloning was done by Oregon Health and Science University. #cloning Therapeutic cloning: advantages/pros vs. disadvantages/co. While therapeutic cloning offers many benefits in terms of regenerative medicine and gene therapy, it also presents significant ethical challenges that must be addressed. It was in the year 1928 when the first ever nuclear transfer experiment was undertaken by a German embryologist, Hansa Spemann wherein he experimented with transferring salamander embryonic cell nuclei into egg cells. [65]The guidelines have also given certain provisions from the perspective of participant in the research i.e. The benefits of therapeutic cloning in regenerative medicine and gene therapy are vast, but ethical and social concerns have emerged surrounding the destruction of human embryos, the potential for genetic abnormalities, and the possible misuse of cloning technology. The ultimate goal of therapeutic cloning would be to create new organs from the existing cell tissues of a medical patient. @media(min-width:0px){#div-gpt-ad-ablison_com-banner-1-0-asloaded{max-width:250px!important;max-height:250px!important}}if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'ablison_com-banner-1','ezslot_12',631,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-ablison_com-banner-1-0'); Therapeutic cloning offers a promising mechanism for regenerating tissues and organs, providing hope for those suffering from degenerative diseases or traumatic injuries. This raises moral and ethical issues about when life begins and whether it is justifiable to destroy an embryo for research purposes. In those times, several kinds of plants used to be cloned simply by obtaining cuttings of their leaves, stems, or roots and replanting them. Another significant risk associated with therapeutic cloning is immune rejection. [11] It can be clearly seen that in case of therapeutic cloning, the cloned embryos are created with the sole objective to extract stem cells from them. In no way does therapeutic cloning intends to implant the embryo in the uterus.[12]. For the purpose of creating human ESCs, the researchers took the skin cells from an 8-month-old child having a genetic disease and fused those with the donated enucleated eggs in order to human embryos having the identical genetic makeup of the child.