Recently it was showed that an interaction between circRNAs and micro-RNAnamely in the form of Cx43/has_circ_0077755/miR-182 post-transcriptional axis, might predict breast cancer initiation as well as further prognosis. ); lp.teno@amrofa (A.F. (Latest) Cancers Impact Factor 2023 - Journal Impact Factor The explanation for this association is the increased levels of estrogens induced by the alcohol intake and thus hormonal imbalance affecting the risk of carcinogenesis within the female organs [99,100]. Terry P.D., Rohan T.E. Major genes associated with an increased risk of breast cancer occurrence. Serum HER2 levels are considered to be a promising real-time marker of tumor presence or recurrence [203]. Invasive breast cancers (IBC) comprise wide spectrum tumors that show a variation concerning their clinical presentation, behavior, and morphology. Other terms used are malignant tumours and neoplasms. Five Year Impact Factor: 3.083 Editor-in-chief: Roman. Recommendations for Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 Testing in Breast Cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists Clinical Practice Guideline Update. Prat A., Perou C.M. Check Out IF Ranking, Prediction, Trend & Key Factor Analysis. The most common causes of cancer death in 2020 were: lung (1.80 million deaths); colon and rectum (916 000 deaths); liver (830 000 deaths); stomach (769 000 deaths); and breast (685 000 deaths). Kontani K., Kuroda N., Hashimoto S.-I., Murazawa C., Norimura S., Tanaka H., Ohtani M., Fujiwara-Honjo N., Kushida Y., Date M., et al. Kim E.Y., Chang Y., Ahn J., Yun J., Park Y.L., Park C.H., Shin H., Ryu S. Mammographic breast density, its changes, and breast cancer risk in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Orgas C.C., Hall P., Rosenberg L.U., Czene K. The influence of menstrual risk factors on tumor characteristics and survival in postmenopausal breast cancer. Screening programmes are effective for some but not all cancer types and in general are far more complex and resource-intensive than early diagnosis as they require special equipment and dedicated personnel. MicroRNA dysregulation in cancer: Diagnostics, monitoring and therapeutics. The authors declare no conflict of interest. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (. The contribution of gene expression profiling to breast cancer classification, prognostication and prediction: A retrospective of the last decade. Accessibility Borcherding N., Cole K., Kluz P., Jorgensen M., Kolb R., Bellizzi A., Zhang W. Re-Evaluating E-Cadherin and -Catenin. Generally, a diet that includes food containing high amounts of n-3 PUFA, vitamin D, fiber, folate, and phytoestrogen might be beneficial as a prevention of breast cancer [120]. So far, mammography and sonography is the most common screening test enabling quite an early detection of breast cancer. PAM50 is now clinically implemented worldwide using the NanoString nCounter, which is the basis for the Prosigna test. Effect of obesity on survival of women with breast cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Zhang M., Huang X., Song Y.-X., Gao P., Sun J.-X., Wang Z.-N. High Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Predicts Poor Prognosis and Clinicopathological Characteristics in Patients with Breast Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. ), Cancer risk factors include exposure to chemicals or other substances, as well as certain behaviors. Alcohol consumption and the risk of breast cancer. Radiation therapy and breast cancer risk. Wang J., Costantino J.P., Tan-Chiu E., Wickerham D.L., Paik S., Wolmark N. Lower-Category Benign Breast Disease and the Risk of Invasive Breast Cancer. Foretov L., Navrtilov M., Svoboda M., Vakov P., Hrabincov E.S., Hzov J., Kleiblov P., Kleibl Z., Machkov E., Palcov M., et al. Contrarily, early menopause despite whether natural or surgical, lowers the breast cancer risk [61]. Artificial light at night (ALAN) has been recently linked to increased breast cancer risk. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. Elston C., Ellis I. pathological prognostic factors in breast cancer. Hoffinan-Goetz L. Influence of Physical Activity and Exercise on Innate Immunity. The number of risk factors of BC is significant and includes both the modifiable factors and non-modifiable factors. Effect of preoperative chemotherapy on the outcome of women with operable breast cancer. Therefore, macrophages with M1-like phenotype have been linked to good disease course while M2-like phenotype has been associated with adverse outcome, potentially through immunosuppression and the promotion of angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation and invasion [246,247]. Some of the most common cancer types, such as breast cancer, cervical cancer, oral cancer, and colorectal cancer, have high cure probabilities when detected early and treated according to best practices. Targeting HMG-CoA reductase with statins in a window-of-opportunity breast cancer trial. Huss L., Butt S.T., Borgquist S., Elebro K., Sandsveden M., Rosendahl A., Manjer J. Vitamin D receptor expression in invasive breast tumors and breast cancer survival. Tremont A., Lu J., Cole J.T. Vuong D., Simpson P.T., Green B., Cummings M.C., Lakhani S.R. It is increased by a factor of around 0.02, and the percentage change is 0.74% compared to the preceding year 2020, indicating a rising trend.The impact score (IS), also denoted as the Journal impact score (JIS), of an academic journal is a measure of . When many studies all point to a similar association between a potential risk factor and an increased risk of cancer, and when a possible mechanism exists that could explain how the risk factor could actually cause cancer, scientists can be more confident about the relationship between the two. an international journal on programmed cell death Cancer Gene Therapy Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases Epigenetics Cytotherapy Seminars in . The value of histological grade in breast cancer: Experience from a large study with long-term follow-up. Other drugs that might constitute potential risk factors for breast cancer include antibiotics, antidepressants, statins, antihypertensive medications (e.g., calcium channel blockers, angiotensin II-converting enzyme inhibitors), as well as NSAIDs (including aspirin, ibuprofen) [129,130,131,132,133]. Sestak I. The risk increases with age; women at age of 40 years are nearly 1.9 times more susceptible compared to women under 40. Great Br. Kohler B.A., Sherman R.L., Howlader N., Jemal A., Ryerson A.B., Henry K.A., Boscoe F.P., Cronin K.A., Lake A., Noone A.-M., et al. Our syndication services page shows you how. eating a healthy diet, including fruit and vegetables; doing physical activity on a regular basis; avoiding or reducing consumption of alcohol; getting vaccinated against HPV and hepatitis B if you belong to a group for which vaccination is recommended; avoiding ultraviolet radiation exposure (which primarily results from exposure to the sun and artificial tanning devices) and/or using sun protection measures; ensuring safe and appropriate use of radiation in health care (for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes); minimizing occupational exposure to ionizing radiation; and. In this review, we aimed to summarize and update the current knowledge about breast cancer with an emphasis on its current epidemiology, risk factors, classification, prognostic biomarkers, and available treatment strategies. Similar properties were observed in case of turmeric-derived curcuminoids as well as sulforaphane (SFN) [122,123]. Around one-third of deaths from cancer are due to tobacco use, high body mass index, alcohol consumption, low fruit and vegetable intake, and lack of physical activity. In this review article, we have focused on the female breast cancer specifically since as abovementioned, it currently constitutes the most prevalent cancer amongst females. Cancers | An Open Access Journal from MDPI Most cancer risk (and protective) factors are initially identified in epidemiology studies. Some chronic infections are risk factors for cancer; this is a particular issue in low- and middle-income countries. Research Ranking (Medicine) 836. Methodological aspects and prognostic value in a series of 257 cases. targeted biological therapies). Besides, the researchers observed that greater BMI is associated with more aggressive biological features of tumor including a higher percentage of lymph node metastasis and greater size. Its incidence and death rates have increased over the last three decades due to the change in risk factor profiles, better cancer registration, and cancer detection. Systematic review of the epidemiologic and trial evidence of an association between antidepressant medication and breast cancer. Palliative care is treatment to relieve, rather than cure, symptoms and suffering caused by cancer and to improve the quality of life of patients and their families. Katarina Vilovi , Ivana Gabela , Lucija Frankovi , Eduard Vrdoljak and Jelena Korac-Prlic Cancers 2023, 15 (13), 3510; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15133510 (registering DOI) - 05 Jul 2023 Abstract Laryngeal cancer is the second most common malignancy of the head and neck, worldwide. Rachdaoui N., Sarkar D.K. Emerging Trends in Family History of Breast Cancer and Associated Risk. Proliferating Fraction during Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy of Primary Breast Cancer in Relation to Objective Local Response and Relapse-free Survival. In 2020 breast cancer mortality-to-incidence ratio (MIR) as a representative indicator of 5-year survival rates [9] was 0.30 globally [5]. papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and Epstein-Barr virus (2). All issues . Epidemiology - LWW de Azambuja E., Cardoso F., De Castro G., Colozza M., Mano M.S., Durbecq V., Sotiriou C., Larsimont D., Piccart-Gebhart M., Paesmans M. Ki-67 as prognostic marker in early breast cancer: A meta-analysis of published studies involving 12,155 patients. Friedman G.D., Oestreicher N., Chan J., Quesenberry C.P., Udaltsova N., Habel L. Antibiotics and Risk of Breast Cancer: Up to 9 Years of Follow-Up of 2.1 Million Women. However, physical activity is beneficial not only in females with a family history of breast cancer but also in those without such a history. Leso V., Ercolano M.L., Cioffi D.L., Iavicoli I. It also presents a low expression of genes related to cell proliferation [151]. The number of risk factors of breast cancer is significant and includes both modifiable factors and non-modifiable factors (Table 1). All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Menu. Gonzlez-Vela M.C., Garijo M.F., Fernndez F., Val-Bernal J.F. Regarding breast radiotherapy specifically, several types are distinguished including. Atoum M., Alzoughool F. Vitamin D and Breast Cancer: Latest Evidence and Future Steps. Currently, it is the Breast Health Global Initiative (BHGI) that is responsible for the preparation of proper guidelines and the approaches to provide the most sufficient breast cancer control worldwide [3]. Pareja F. Triple-negative breast cancer: The importance of molecular and histologic subtyping, and recognition of low-grade variants. (3) Assessing national capacity for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases: report of the 2019 global survey. Additionally, the 5th intrinsic subtypeclaudin-low breast cancer was discovered in 2007 in an integrated analysis of human and murine mammary tumors [141]. Harris C.C., Hollstein M. Clinical Implications of the p53 Tumor-Suppressor Gene. Circulating circular RNA hsa_circ_0001785 acts as a diagnostic biomarker for breast cancer detection. Smoking and risk of breast cancer in the Generations Study cohort. Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of the Breast and Female Genital Organs. Al Deen N.N., Lanman N.A., Chittiboyina S., Lelivre S., Nasr R., Nassar F., Zu Dohna H., AbouHaidar M., Talhouk R. A risk progression breast epithelial 3D culture model reveals Cx43/hsa_circ_0077755/miR-182 as a biomarker axis for heightened risk of breast cancer initiation. Besides, HER2 increases the detection rate of metastatic or recurrent breast cancers from 50% to even more than 80% [202]. Drugs that block ERs include selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) (tamoxifen, toremifene) and selective estrogen receptor degraders (SERDs) (fulvestrant) while treatments that aim to lower the estrogen levels include aromatase inhibitors (AIs) (letrozole, anastrazole, exemestane) [290,291]. Prognostic significance of tumor-associated macrophages in breast cancer: A meta-analysis of the literature. Mantovani A., Sozzani S., Locati M., Allavena P., Sica A. Macrophage polarization: Tumor-associated macrophages as a paradigm for polarized M2 mononuclear phagocytes. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. The first full-term pregnancy at an early age (especially in the early twenties) along with a subsequently increasing number of births are associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer [54,55]. Prat A. Prognostic significance of progesterone receptorpositive tumor cells within immunohistochemically defined luminal A breast cancer. Guidelines of the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) for patients with early breast cancer make the choice of therapy dependent to tumor size, feasibility of surgery, clinical phenotype, and patients willingness to preserve the breast [285]. The host inflammatory and immune responses in the tumor and its microenvironment are critical components in cancer development and progression [257]. Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women worldwide with more than 2 million new cases in 2020. Cancer statistics, 2014. J. Pathol. Several studies have investigated abnormally expressed miRNAs as biomarkers in breast cancer tissue samples. Tran A.M., Chalbatani G.M., Berland L., Santos M.C.D.L., Raj P., Jalali S.A., Gharagouzloo E., Ivan C., Dragomir M.P., Calin G.A. Hoffman-Goetz L., Apter D., Demark-Wahnefried W., Goran M.I., McTiernan A. Reichman ME. Baglia M.L., Tang M.-T.C., Malone K.E., Porter P., Li C.I. Besides, a history of any other non-cancerous alternations in breasts such as atypical hyperplasia, carcinoma in situ, or many other proliferative or non-proliferative lesions, also increases the risk significantly [66,67,68]. The alternations within the physiological levels of the endogenous levels of sex hormones result in a higher risk of breast cancer in the case of premenopausal and postmenopausal women; these observations were also supported by the Endogenous Hormones and Breast Cancer Collaborative Group [15,16,17]. Cancer Key Factor Analysis. Renwick A., The Breast Cancer Susceptibility Collaboration (UK) Thompson D., Seal S., Kelly P., Chagtai T., Ahmed M., North B., Jayatilake H., Barfoot R., et al. Cigarette smoking increases risk for breast cancer in high-risk breast cancer families. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is used for locally advanced BC, inflammatory breast cancers, for downstaging large tumors to allow BCS or in small tumors with worse prognostics molecular subtypes (HER2 or TNBC) which can help to identify prognostics and predictive factors of response and can be provided intravenously or orally. Hormone replacement therapy and the risk of breast cancer. Wright L., Frye J., Gorti B., Timmermann B., Funk J. Bioactivity of Turmeric-derived Curcuminoids and Related Metabolites in Breast Cancer. Candidate miRNAs in human breast cancer biomarkers: A systematic review. Chemotherapy is a systemic treatment of BC and might be either neoadjuvant or adjuvant. Prognostic value of pretreatment circulating neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes in oropharyngeal cancer stratified by human papillomavirus status. About 25% of invasive breast cancers present distinctive growth patterns and cytological features, hence, they are recognized as specific subtypes (e.g., invasive lobular carcinoma, tubular, mucinous A, mucinous B, neuroendocrine) [136]. Horne H.N., Oh H., Sherman M.E., Palakal M., Hewitt S.M., Schmidt M.K., Milne R.L., Hardisson D., Benitez J., Blomqvist C., et al. Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Zhang Q., Liu J., Ao N., Yu H., Peng Y., Ou L., Zhang S. Secondary cancer risk after radiation therapy for breast cancer with different radiotherapy techniques. Biological therapy (targeted therapy) can be provided at every stage of breast therapy before surgery as neoadjuvant therapy or after surgery as adjuvant therapy. There are two components of early detection: early diagnosis and screening. Cancer arises from the transformation of normal cells into tumour cells in a multi-stage process that generally progresses from a pre-cancerous lesion to a malignant tumour. Brown J.R., Chinnaiyan A.M. Similar observations were made in terms of an excessive intake of saturated fats [117]. Numerous researches indicate that females who use hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) especially longer than 5 or 7 years are also at increased risk of breast cancer [77,78]. Albrektsen G., Heuch I., Hansen S., Kvle G. Breast cancer risk by age at birth, time since birth and time intervals between births: Exploring interaction effects. However, protection was observed at approximately the 34th pregnancy week and was not confirmed for the pregnancies lasting for 33 weeks or less [56]. Breast cancer statistics, 2015: Convergence of incidence rates between black and white women. DeSantis C.E., Fedewa S.A., Sauer A.G., Kramer J.L., Smith R.A., Jemal A. Breast cancer incidence and death rates have increased over the last three decades. A meta-analysis investigating the prognostic effect of LMR showed that low LMR levels are associated with shorter overall survival outcomes in Asian populations, TNBC patients, and patients with non-metastatic and mixed stages [272]. Makki J. Diversity of Breast Carcinoma: Histological Subtypes and Clinical Relevance. Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for nearly 10 million deaths in 2020 (1). Prospective Validation of a 21-Gene Expression Assay in Breast Cancer. Refinement of breast cancer classification by molecular characterization of histological special types.
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